Il est en sixième place au palmarès des producteurs de l’OPEP pendant la décennie 2010 derrière l'Arabie saoudite, l'Irak, l'Iran et les émirats mais aussi le Koweït. En 2016, sa production de pétrole était de 2,3 millions de barils par jour ce qui ferait de lui selon ces données le onzième plus grand producteur au monde[46]. However, the Africans also brought in many musical influences, especially introduction of the drum. Il est le père de Johnny Cecotto Jr., également pilote automobile vénézuélien. The president can ask the legislature to reconsider portions of laws he finds objectionable, but a simple parliamentary majority can override these objections. Cette décision du président Maduro est analysée comme un moyen de s'assurer la fidélité des forces armées, à qui a été confiée la zone, alors que son régime est confronté à une crise politique qui dure[96]. Au Venezuela, les concours de beauté sont une véritable institution et un motif de fierté nationale[97]. Venezuelan literature originated soon after the Spanish conquest of the mostly pre-literate indigenous societies. [61] The military dictator Pérez Jiménez was forced out on 23 January 1958. [100][101][102][103][104] Demonstrations and riots have left over 40 fatalities in the unrest between both Chavistas and opposition protesters,[105] and has led to the arrest of opposition leaders including Leopoldo López[105][106] and Antonio Ledezma. Portail du Venezuela La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 11 novembre 2020 à 21:32. En parallèle, les conditions d'accès aux monnaies étrangères sont restreintes pour tous les acteurs de l'économie (étudiants, importateurs, voyageurs, etc.). The war continued for some years, until full victory and sovereignty was attained after Bolívar, aided by José Antonio Páez and Antonio José de Sucre, won the Battle of Carabobo on 24 June 1821. [146], In June 2020, a detailed report by Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights documented enforced disappearances in Venezuela, specifically those that occurred during the years 2018 and 2019. "Venezuela: the land of 500% inflation". Recently, great classical music performances have come out of Venezuela. [267][268] Venezuela's outlook was deemed negative by most bond-rating services in 2017. Voting is not compulsory. [302] [225] The capital Caracas has one of the greatest homicide rates of any large city in the world, with 122 homicides per 100,000 residents. In Venezuela, a person is murdered every 21 minutes. "Venezuela's Economy Was the Worst Performing of 2016, IMF Estimates". Sa superficie est de 916 445 km2. [85] According to Sebastian Boyd writing at Bloomberg News, the profits of the oil industry have been lost to "social engineering" and corruption, instead of investments needed to maintain oil production. The expansion of the Venezuelan economy in this period was based on the indebtedness of the Venezuelan nation and that was one of the causes of the economic crisis in Venezuela in the 1960s,[61] in which important projects such as the Urban Center El Recreo de Marcel Brauer on Avenida Casanova in Sabana Grande district were paralyzed. In the government of Pérez Jiménez, Venezuela's debt grew more than 25 times and went from 175 million to more than 4,500 million bolivares in just 5 years (approximately 15 billion dollars in 2018). They are credited with having invented the arepa, a staple in Venezuelan cuisine. [373] In the early 20th century, North American immigrants who came to Venezuela to work in the nation's oil industry helped to popularize the sport in Venezuela. Morales clarified that each power must be independent adding that "one thing is separation of powers and another one is division". [229] In 2017, the Financial Times noted that some of the arms procured by the government over the previous two decades had been diverted to paramilitary civilian groups and criminal syndicates. [269][270] For 2018 an inflation rate of 1,000,000 percent was projected, putting Venezuela in a similar situation to that in Germany in 1923 or Zimbabwe in the late 2000s.[271]. Es hat Küste zum karibischen Meer und Atlantischen Ozean. Dennis[161] which has been digitized and the records made available on-line as part of the Cybertruffle Robigalia database. [183], President Maduro acknowledged PSUV defeat, but attributed the opposition's victory to an intensification of an economic war. Most observers describe Venezuela in terms of four fairly well defined topographical regions: the Maracaibo lowlands in the northwest, the northern mountains extending in a broad east–west arc from the Colombian border along the northern Caribbean coast, the wide plains in central Venezuela, and the Guiana Highlands in the southeast. Le Venezuela[4],[5] ou Vénézuéla[6],[7],[8] [venezɥɛla][a] Écouter (en espagnol : [beneˈswela][b] Écouter), en forme longue la république bolivarienne du Venezuela, en espagnol República Bolivariana de Venezuela, nom officiel en l'honneur de Simón Bolívar, est une république fédérale située dans la partie la plus septentrionale de l'Amérique du Sud, bordé[9] au nord par la mer des Caraïbes, à l'est-sud-est par le Guyana, au sud par le Brésil, au sud-sud-ouest et à l'ouest par la Colombie. Le pan de jamón est également un plat typique de Noël. The Pérez Jiménez government was characterized by its state capitalism and not by liberal capitalism. In a study titled "Venezolana Community Abroad: A New Method of Exile" by Thomas Páez, Mercedes Vivas, and Juan Rafael Pulido of the Central University of Venezuela, over 1.35 million Venezuelan college graduates have left the country since the beginning of the Bolivarian Revolution. [74], In April 2002, Chávez was briefly ousted from power in the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt following popular demonstrations by his opponents,[75] but he returned to power after two days as a result of demonstrations by poor Chávez supporters in Caracas and actions by the military. [111] In the 2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election, the opposition gained a majority. To counter the decrease in oil prices, the Venezuelan Government began taking more money from PDVSA, the state oil company, to meet budgets resulting in a lack of reinvestment in fields and employees. [166][172][173], The country is made up of three river basins: the Caribbean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean and Lake Valencia, which forms an endorheic basin.[174]. [237], Corruption in Venezuela is high by world standards and was so for much of the 20th century. Depuis l’accession d’Hugo Chávez au pouvoir en 1998, deux millions de personnes ont quitté le pays selon le quotidien espagnol El País. Ricacciatu da "https://co.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&oldid=334979". [381], In the 2012 Summer Olympics, Venezuelan Rubén Limardo won a gold medal in fencing.[382]. In the period 2003 - 2008 Venezuelan authorities seized the fifth largest total quantity of cocaine in the world, behind Colombia, the United States, Spain and Panama. Among plants of Venezuela, over 25,000 species of orchids are found in the country's cloud forest and lowland rainforest ecosystems. Globally, it seeks a "multi-polar" world based on strengthened ties among undeveloped countries. [240] By 2016, the rank had increased to 166 out of 178. Le RNB par habitant est de 12 550 dollars en 2013, soit au-dessus de la moyenne des pays d’Amérique latine et de la Caraïbes (9 314 dollars en 2013)[49]. Was ist die Hauptstadt von Venezuela? The early colonial settlements focused on the northern coast,[39] but in the mid-18th century, the Spanish pushed farther inland along the Orinoco River. A month later, President Maduro announced the 2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election and on 30 August 2017, the 2017 Constituent National Assembly was elected into office and quickly stripped the National Assembly of its powers. Il existe de très fortes inégalités sociales au Venezuela. Annual rainfall varies from 430 mm (16.9 in) in the semiarid portions of the northwest to over 1,000 mm (39.4 in) in the Orinoco Delta of the far east and the Amazonian Jungle in the south. The National Electoral Council (Consejo Nacional Electoral, or CNE) is in charge of electoral processes; it is formed by five main directors elected by the National Assembly. Venezuela is among the top 20 countries in terms of endemism. [359][360] Nationwide, about 93% of schools do not meet the minimum requirements to operate and 77% do not have utilities such as food, water or electricity.[360]. On compte 600 000 d'exilés vers la Colombie, 119 000 vers le Chili, 57 000 en Argentine, 35 000 au Brésil et 26 000 au Pérou. The literacy rate of the adult population was already at 91.1% by 1998. [186][187][188][189] The Financial Times described the function of the Supreme Court in Venezuela as "rubber stamping executive whims and vetoing legislation". [41] They left behind works of art, particularly anthropomorphic ceramics, but no major monuments. Brasilien Entfernung von Venezuela nach Brasilien: Ungefähr 2.557 Kilometer. De manière très schématique, trois grandes régions géographiques composent ce pays : Le Venezuela possède également 72 îles, dispersées dans la mer des Caraïbes et dans l'océan Atlantique, regroupées dans les Dépendances fédérales. En janvier 2015, le site Dolar Today (dont l'accès est interdit par le gouvernement vénézuélien) annonce un taux de change de 180 VEF pour un USD sur le marché noir, ce qui correspondrait à une dépréciation de près de 98 % de la valeur de la monnaie locale en douze ans. The components of the Bolivarian National Armed Forces are: the Venezuelan Army, the Venezuelan Navy, the Venezuelan Air Force, the Venezuelan National Guard, and the Venezuelan National Militia. Selon les chiffres publiés par le ministère de l'Intérieur en 2013, le nombre de meurtres commis en 2012 serait de 16 000 (92 % avec des armes à feu), ce qui représente un taux de 55,2 homicides pour 100 000 habitants. On 14 May 2016, constitutional guarantees were in fact suspended when Maduro decreed the extension of the economic emergency decree for another 60 days and declared a State of Emergency,[194] which is a clear violation of the Constitution of Venezuela[195] in the Article 338th: "The approval of the extension of States of emergency corresponds to the National Assembly." [169] Venezuela's 43 national parks include Canaima National Park, Morrocoy National Park, and Mochima National Park. The Orinoco River is navigable by oceangoing vessels up to 400 kilometres (250 mi) inland, and connects the major industrial city of Ciudad Guayana to the Atlantic Ocean. Les desserts sont d'origine espagnole et dérivent de ceux préparés par les nonnes dans les couvents, comme le riz au lait ou le bienmesabe. Venezuela lies within the Neotropical realm; large portions of the country were originally covered by moist broadleaf forests. Economic shocks in the 1980s and 1990s led to major political crises and widespread social unrest, including the deadly Caracazo riots of 1989, two attempted coups in 1992, and the impeachment of a President for embezzlement of public funds charges in 1993. Two major blocs of political parties are in Venezuela: the incumbent leftist bloc United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), its major allies Fatherland for All (PPT) and the Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV), and the opposition bloc grouped into the electoral coalition Mesa de la Unidad Democrática. The COPRE operated as an innovation mechanism, also by incorporating issues into the political agenda that were generally excluded from public deliberation by the main actors of the Venezuelan democratic system. Angarita granted a range of reforms, including the legalization of all political parties. En 2010, une dévaluation augmente le taux de change à 4,3 VEF pour un USD afin de lutter contre le marché noir des devises. The Bolivarian National Armed Forces of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana, FANB) are the overall unified military forces of Venezuela. Venezuela . [350], During the economic crisis observed under President Maduro's presidency, medical professionals were forced to perform outdated treatments on patients.[351]. [67] The income of the public sector went from 18,960 million bolivars in 1973 to 45.564 million in 1974. They interpret Bolívar's ideas from a populist perspective, using socialist rhetoric. Ces sanctions interdisent également aux entreprises européennes de livrer du matériel de surveillance électronique pouvant servir à réprimer l’opposition au régime du président Nicolas Maduro ; elles prévoient également la mise en place d’un cadre juridique permettant à l’Union européenne de placer ensuite sur sa liste noire des personnalités ou entités sanctionnées pour leur implication dans la répression[31]. Retrieved 17 January 2017. L'augmentation de ces surfaces d'exploitation minière conduit à la déforestation de ces territoires, l'installation de mines illégales dans des parcs nationaux (notamment celui de Canaima, inscrit au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO) ou encore au développement des eaux stagnantes, qui favorisent la propagation des maladies (malaria, diphtérie, rougeole et tuberculose). Other rivers worth mentioning are the Apure, Arauca, Caura, Meta, Barima, Portuguesa, Ventuari and Zulia, among others. Elle découvre des indigènes (dont des Caraïbes, des Arawaks et des Cumanagotos), vivant principalement d'agriculture et de chasse, installés le long de la côte, de la Cordillère des Andes et du fleuve Orénoque. In 1811, it became one of the first Spanish-American territories to declare independence from the Spanish as a department of the federal republic of Gran Colombia. Parmi les villes les plus peuplées suivent : Valencia, Maracay et Barquisimeto. The Jewish community has shrunk in recent years due to rising antisemitism in Venezuela,[331][332][333][334][335] with the population declining from 22,000 in 1999[336] to less than 7,000 in 2015. Cette forme politique remonte au XIXe siècle, caractérisée par les différents régimes militaires du général José Antonio Páez, les frères Monagas, Juan Crisóstomo Falcón et Antonio Guzmán Blanco, président à plusieurs reprises. It was an antecedent of the populist and paternalistic economic regime of the later democratic regimes. The collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the 1998 Venezuelan presidential election, the catalyst for the Bolivarian Revolution, which began with a 1999 Constituent Assembly, where a new Constitution of Venezuela was imposed. [180], The legal system of Venezuela belongs to the Continental Law tradition. [63] The national private entrepreneurship increasingly had less space to grow and prosper. [78] The strike produced severe economic dislocation, with the country's GDP falling 27% during the first four months of 2003, and costing the oil industry $13.3 billion. La musique du Venezuela est influencée par ses origines espagnoles, amérindiennes et africaines. Près de cinq millions d'habitants résident dans la métropole. Christophe Colomb est le premier conquérant au service de l'Espagne à atteindre cette région le 3 août 1498, lors de son troisième voyage. The Rio or Brazo Casiquiare is unique in the world, as it is a natural derivation of the Orinoco that, after some 500 km in length, connects it to the Negro River, which in turn is a tributary of the Amazon. Dans son livre Summa de Geografía édité en 1519, il affirme que l'expédition a rencontré une population indigène qui se nomme elle-même Veneçiuela, ce qui suggère que le nom Venezuela a pu dériver de ce nom local : « Desdel cabo de Sant Romá al cabo de Coquibacoa ay tres isleos en triángulo. [285], By late-2016 and into 2017, Venezuelans had to search for food on a daily basis, occasionally resorting to eating wild fruit or garbage, wait in lines for hours and sometimes settle without having certain products. Venezuela is entirely located in the tropics over the Equator to around 12° N. Its climate varies from humid low-elevation plains, where average annual temperatures range as high as 35 °C (95.0 °F), to glaciers and highlands (the páramos) with an average yearly temperature of 8 °C (46.4 °F). Ces années sont également marquées par une forte aggravation de la criminalité avec, selon les ONG, un quadruplement du taux d'homicides[23]. Thus, the name "Venezuela" may have evolved from the native word.[36]. [178] Three seats are reserved for representatives of Venezuela's indigenous peoples. Arabic is spoken by Lebanese and Syrian colonies on Isla de Margarita, Maracaibo, Punto Fijo, Puerto la Cruz, El Tigre, Maracay, and Caracas. A number of failed economic policies and increasing corruption in government led to rising poverty and crime, worsening social indicators, and increased political instability. [210] Venezuelan Foreign Minister Delcy Rodríguez said that President Nicolás Maduro plans to publicly renounce Venezuela's membership on 27 April 2017. Le secteur privé détient 70 % de l’économie[56]. Le pays est faiblement industrialisé en dehors de la production pétrolière et importe la plupart de ses biens de consommation[52]. Venezuela manufactures and exports heavy industry products such as steel, aluminium and cement, with production concentrated around Ciudad Guayana, near the Guri Dam, one of the largest in the world and the provider of about three-quarters of Venezuela's electricity. À la suite d'un coup d'État qu'il subit après neuf mois au pouvoir, les militaires Carlos Delgado Chalbaud et Marcos Pérez Jiménez gouvernent entre 1948-1958 avec des politiques progressistes et répressives. "The Millennium Development Goals Report 2011". La Constitution de 1999 promulguée par Hugo Chávez prévoit la protection des espaces naturels et des cultures ancestrales. Major writers and novelists include Rómulo Gallegos, Teresa de la Parra, Arturo Uslar Pietri, Adriano González León, Miguel Otero Silva, and Mariano Picón Salas. [51], Sucre, who won many battles for Bolívar, went on to liberate Ecuador and later become the second president of Bolivia. Betancourt suffered an attack planned by the Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo in 1960, and the leftists excluded from the Pact initiated an armed insurgency by organizing themselves in the Armed Forces of National Liberation, sponsored by the Communist Party and Fidel Castro. Le système public d'éducation et de santé, qui employait jadis 40 000 médecins cubains, s'est effondré, au point que la mortalité infantile est repartie à la hausse, cas quasi unique au monde. [51] On 24 July 1823, José Prudencio Padilla and Rafael Urdaneta helped seal Venezuelan independence with their victory in the Battle of Lake Maracaibo. Selon le gouvernement, cette pénurie est due à un rachat de ces denrées par des multinationales[51]. [176] Of the total extension of the rivers, a total of 5400 km are navigable. The Timoto–Cuica culture was the most complex society in Pre-Columbian Venezuela, with pre-planned permanent villages, surrounded by irrigated, terraced fields. Venezuela has a road network of nearly 100,000 kilometres (62,000 mi) in length, placing the country around 45th in the world;[303] around a third of roads are paved. Caracas détient le port La Guaira, desservi par le chemin de fer, Valencia a Puerto Cabello, tandis que Maracaibo constitue elle-même une enclave, reliée par le réseau fluvial au Lac Maracaibo et aux régions caféières des Andes, comme Táchira, proche de la Colombie caféière. Most recently, immigration from the United States, Spain, Italy, and Portugal has further enriched the already complex cultural mosaic (especially in large oil-producing cities)[citation needed]. À l'époque précolombienne, le territoire de l'actuel Venezuela est habité par plusieurs peuples dont des Caraïbes, des Arawaks et des Cumanagotos. Celle-ci s’est considérablement accrue depuis l’arrivée du pouvoir de Hugo Chávez (en 1999, « seulement (sic) 4 550 personnes avaient été tuées ») en comparaison de 19 336 en 2011. [35], Martín Fernández de Enciso, a member of the Vespucci and Ojeda crew, gave a different account. Regional crops included potatoes and ullucos. From this historical value begins then a systematic fall that mounts to 26 hundred up to 2006, and that configures a genuine unique experience in contemporary economic life. [citation needed], Venezuela has a market-based mixed economy dominated by the petroleum sector,[246][247] which accounts for roughly a third of GDP, around 80% of exports, and more than half of government revenues. Unfortunately, the social reality of the country made the changes difficult to apply.[72]. However, he was never sworn in for his third period, due to medical complications. Previously, the official name was Estado de Venezuela (1830–1856), República de Venezuela (1856–1864), Estados Unidos de Venezuela (1864–1953), and again República de Venezuela (1953–1999). The Finance Minister failed to convince Pérez Jiménez to order the cancellation of debts. Les prévisions économiques mondiales de 2018 effectuées par The Economist font du Venezuela le pays dont le PIB a la plus faible croissance par rapport à l’année précédente avec une baisse de 11,9 %, ceci résultant de la mauvaise gestion du pays et de l’hyperinflation ainsi que de la dette publique qui en découlent[65]. Le Venezuela est une puissance énergétique majeure avec des réserves prouvées de 302 milliards de barils de pétrole[12], ce qui en fait le premier pays au monde dans le classement par réserves de pétrole prouvées devant l'Arabie saoudite, mais près des trois quarts de ces réserves (224 milliards de barils) sont des sables bitumineux[13], dont l'exploitation est malaisée et très polluante. "Venezuela: Does an increase in poverty signal threat to government? The orchestra is the pinnacle of El Sistema, a publicly financed, voluntary music education program now being emulated in other countries. In 1908, another dispute broke out with the Netherlands, which was resolved when Castro left for medical treatment in Germany and was promptly overthrown by Juan Vicente Gómez (1908–1935). Close to 200 riots had occurred in Venezuelan prisons by October 2016, according to Una Ventana a la Libertad, an advocacy group for better prison conditions. It has an extensive network of hotels not only in its capital city, but also throughout the state. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. They include xeric scrublands in the extreme northwest and coastal mangrove forests in the northeast. Per capita GDP for 2016 was estimated to be US$15,100, ranking 109th in the world. Entièrement contrôlé par les partisans du chef de l’État à la suite du boycott des élections législatives par l’opposition en décembre, le Parlement a approuvé l’ajout d’une huitième étoile, pour rendre honneur à l'ancienne province de Guyane qui a lutté pour l'indépendance tout comme les sept autres. Sa devise est Dios y Federación (« Dieu et Fédération ») et son hymne le Gloria al Bravo Pueblo (« Gloire au Peuple Brave »). Castro defaulted on Venezuela's considerable foreign debts and declined to pay compensation to foreigners caught up in Venezuela's civil wars. Par Valentine Delbos », « Action and reaction towards media totalitarianism », La dernière grande chaîne d'information au Venezuela a cessé d'émettre, Relations entre la Russie et le Venezuela, Réseau des bibliothèques de Suisse occidentale, Site officiel de la présidence de la République bolivarienne du Venezuela, Géorgie du Sud-et-les îles Sandwich du Sud, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&oldid=176922391, Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais, Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata, Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité, Page pointant vers des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence. In addition to this agreement, the Port of Spain Protocol of 1970 set a deadline to try to resolve the issue, without success to date. 8% of Venezuelans are irreligious (atheist 2% and agnostic and 6% indifferent). Des pluies diluviennes, suivies d'importants glissements de terrain dans des zones fortement peuplées proches de l'aéroport international Simon Bolivar (La Guaira - État de La Guaira) ont fait des milliers de morts en décembre 1999. La « Révolution bolivarienne » impulsée par Hugo Chávez et poursuivie par Nicolás Maduro a conduit certains critiques à qualifier le Venezuela de dictature ou de régime autoritaire à parti unique[78],[79]. [224] The country's body count of the previous decade mimics that of the Iraq War and in some instances had more civilian deaths even though the country is at peacetime. [88], Poverty and inflation began to increase into the 2010s. [79] Capital flight before and during the strike led to the reimposition of currency controls (which had been abolished in 1989), managed by the CADIVI agency. au nord et à l'ouest le littoral et les Andes ; Le sud du bassin de l'Orénoque, avec son affluent.

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