Songs über Personen - Namenslieder über Menschen - Namen in Liedtexten findet Ihr hier von A bis Z. We suggest practitioners adopt the following guidelines for reporting the outcomes of restoration projects: 1) be explicit when describing how your metrics were calculated, and what the calculations are based on, 2) avoid inventing new metrics for simple demographic parameters, unless the new metric is a substantial improvement on existing methods. fish aggregation devices) were not included here as they do not directly involve corals (see S3 File). Writing – original draft, here. For clarity, we provide the terms we have used in the review, their definitions and alternative terms (Table 1). Unfortunately, despite being long-term projects of larger spatial scales, only two of these projects reported survival of corals (average survival 80%). The technique has been controversial and experiments attempting to verify its effectiveness have had varied outcomes. Songs with names in it from all around the world. Clarity is needed on the distinction between metrics that address endangered species recovery and the place of those endangered species in the overall reef restoration. The remaining database is available from the Dryad Digital Repository: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.p6r3816. However, multiple experiments have failed to describe similar positive effects of exposing coral fragments to an electrical field. Overall, coral restoration projects focused primarily on fast-growing branching corals (59% of studies). Data curation, Data curation, Methodology, 5 Hour Energy. Ultimately, practitioners should adopt a monitoring program that is clearly linked to the stated objectives of the project. Kostenlos chatten frei chatten ohne anmelden im FreeChat. Lisa Feldmann: Es ist ein weiteres Etablissement von Dieter Meier (u.a. We identified 362 case studies on coral restoration, of which 221 were from the scientific literature, 78 were sourced from the grey literature (i.e. Similarly, a broader awareness of lessons learned by restoration practitioners in the terrestrial and freshwater realms as well as in other marine habitats will speed the transfer of knowledge. Critics of coral restoration have argued that (1) coral restoration detracts focus from mitigating climate change and other threats to the marine environment [9,30], and (2) is pointless unless it can restore reefs at the ecosystem scale [31]. Yes Instead, we review active restoration methods which reintroduce coral (e.g. Small-scale projects conducted without substantial input from researchers, academics, non-governmental organisations (NGO) or coral reef managers often do not result in formal written accounts of methods. As in other forms of management, adequate stakeholder involvement in planning and implementation of restoration efforts is likely to significantly influence project outcomes [39,96,113,122,123]. Broadly speaking, these two types of restoration also correspond to the level of degradation sustained by the environment, where passive restoration can be applied to sites with less damage, and active restoration is considered necessary in areas where unassisted natural recovery is unlikely. The ‘seeding units’ were scattered onto a degraded reef area, after a four-week juvenile coral rearing period. Formal analysis, Quelle: billboard.com. OpenCritic is a review aggregator for video games, collecting reviews from the top publications in gaming such as IGN, GameSpot, Polygon, and Eurogamer. A List of Popular Alcoholic Drink Names Everyone Should Know. Yes Proxies and indicators need to be thoroughly tested and evaluated before widespread use. Conceptualization, We argue that short monitoring times are problematic and may inflate the apparent survival rates of corals, as the likelihood of significant stress events causing mortality should increase over time. Almost three quarters (72%) of case studies reported using more than one coral species in their restoration projects, while the remaining 28% used a single species. The metrics used have such little overlap that comparisons of overall growth among studies are difficult or impossible. Resources, Neben etablierten Vornamen wie Anita, Gloria oder Lena, die es unabhängig vom Song in die Geburtsurkunden von Kindern geschafft haben, gibt es auch Namen, die erst durch das Lied Aufmerksamkeit erreichten: Kayleigh und Adeline sind da zuvorderst zu nennen.. Vornamen in … Vielleicht ist ja etwas dabei. [124,125] but see [61]), and yet, in most reports, percent survival of outplants is not clearly reported in accordance to size. Other popular biological metrics used as outcomes included the condition and self-attachment of fragments. We used the six objectives outlined in [51] to classify the objective of each case study: (1) Accelerate reef recovery post-disturbance, (2) Reestablish a self-sustaining, functioning reef ecosystem (3) Mitigate anticipated coral loss prior to a known disturbance, (4) Reduce population declines and ecosystem degradation, (5) Provide alternative, sustainable livelihood opportunities, (6) Promote coral reef conservation stewardship, with an additional two categories: (7) scientific research, and (8) ecological engineering. Further, the low-diversity and abundance of extant live corals on Floridian and Caribbean reefs compared to their Indo-Pacific counterparts, and the strong focus on the recovery of two endangered species (A. palmata, A cervicornis) may make some metrics less suitable. Marine Ecology Consultant, Magnetic Island, Qld, Australia, Roles Until very recently, marine conservation has favoured passive habitat protection over restoration. In this review, for example, we found that outcomes of coral restoration projects are largely monitored with biological metrics of corals (e.g. No, Is the Subject Area "Peer review" applicable to this article? For example, coral cover and complexity may provide a suitable indicator of restored habitat value for other reef species. While recovery of endangered species (e.g. Lilith Biblischer Name hebräischer Herkunft. The disagreement between studies prohibits clear conclusions about the mineral accretions method. coral species n). This method is most common in programs aimed at salvaging corals from planned construction activities that would otherwise destroy or disturb the colonies [32,67–76]. The NOAA recovery plan [86] suggests a target genetic diversity ratio of 0.5 for both A. cervicornis and A. palmata [83]. To date, the relatively young field of coral restoration has been plagued by similar ‘growing pains’ as ecological restoration in other ecosystems. Restoration case studies occur in 56 countries, with most countries that have substantial coral reef area having at least one case study. Similarly, Borell [108] described negative effects on growth of one species of coral (A. yongei) but positive effects on another (A. pulchra) growing on a cathode, suggesting that results may vary even between congeneric coral species. Conceptualization, Viele Hundehalterinnen tendieren dazu, dem Tier einen außergewöhnlichen Namen zu geben. Diese zeichnen sich immer dadurch aus, dass sie ästhetisch toll gemacht sind. Appropriate metrics can then be used to aid management decision-making via calculating return on effort to further optimise practice [63]. This absence of specificity in defining fragments or colonies in terms of their size hampers our ability to quantify and compare survivorship. In addition, the number or proportion of breeding corals may be a more useful measure of restoration success than survival and growth of outplants. She is an actress, known for, Miriam Koch / Kriminalkommissarin Miriam Koch / Miriam, My Favorite German Actors & Actresses (to be continued), Schöne Männer hat man nie für sich allein, Evelyn Hamann's Geschichten aus dem Leben, The Best TV Shows About Being in Your 30s. University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Roles In the published literature and elsewhere, there are many terms that describe the same intervention. We direct the reader to each specific section for descriptions of the potential application and limitations associated with each method. This was supplemented with reports listed in the reference lists of other papers, reports and reviews, and during our online searches (n = 30). Assisted fertilisation [84] or creating nursery stocks from the larvae of brooding corals [85] could be valuable tools for maintaining genetic diversity in coral gardening. Lina, Line Kurzformen von zum Beispiel Karoline und Pauline. While many reports appeared in the Google Scholar literature searches, we also consulted The Nature Conservancy (TNC) database of reports for North American coastal restoration projects (http://projects.tnc.org/coastal/). A diverse range of species are thus represented in the dataset, including a total of 229 different species from 72 coral genera (Fig 3). Overall, the median length of projects was 12 months, but this varied between project types. Is the Subject Area "Coral reefs" applicable to this article? Oder lateinisch mit der Bedeutung „Lilie“. For this reason, absolute numbers may exceed the number of case studies in the database. Visualization, However, in some projects there is a clear mismatch between stated objectives and what is actually measured during monitoring of outcomes. Methodology, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226631, Editor: Carlo Nike Bianchi, Universita degli Studi di Genova, ITALY, Received: November 3, 2019; Accepted: November 6, 2019; Published: January 30, 2020. Hier findest Du eine große Auswahl beliebter Vornamen für Mädchen, mit … 21 weibliche Hundenamen. Lilli. Ashanti (1) The reluctance of resource managers to undertake large and long term restoration projects, which is evident in our data from the small size and short timeframes of a majority of projects. This echoes what has been found in previous reviews [51,55]. These include 1) a lack of clear and achievable objectives, 2) a lack of appropriate and standardised monitoring and reporting and, 3) poorly designed projects in relation to stated objectives. However, researchers from Mote Marine Laboratory have developed a ‘micro-fragmentation’ technique that enables massive and encrusting corals to be produced and outplanted using concepts developed for coral gardening [80,81]. Spitznamen, coole Schriftarten, Symbole und Tags im Zusammenhang mit Drin – Pogz, Aldrin, Eldrin, ꧁ drin ꧂, Adrien. Writing – review & editing, Affiliation Investigation, The rationale for stabilisation is that survival rates for coral recruits are low on loose substratum [97]. The longest monitoring period reported in our data set was 12 years for a transplantation project [59]. Choose an adventure below and discover your next favorite movie or TV show. While there is some evidence to suggest that local management actions can boost the resilience of corals to more substantial threats, including climate change [110], small scale solutions are unlikely to match the scale of the climate change crisis [31,111]. scientific reports and technical summaries from experts in the field), 3) online descriptions (e.g. Further, mortality tends to be highest among early life stages and decreases as corals grow larger and older [58]. Conceptualization, This search was further complemented by using the same keywords in ISI Web of Knowledge (search yield n = 738). Proponents of coral restoration counter (1) that interventions can serve to protect coral biodiversity in the short-term, while mitigation of large-scale threats such as climate change and water quality take effect [24], (2) are necessary for the recovery of endangered and rare coral species such as Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis in the Caribbean where natural population maintenance has broken down [32–34], and (3) increase environmental stewardship and interest in protecting coral reefs by including local communities in restoration projects [35–39]. single or few steps away from raw data), and 4) communicate your observations and discoveries with the international scientific and practitioner community to make sure that no knowledge is lost. These advertisement taglines relay the relief from tiredness that can be gained through use of these products. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226631.g002. No, Is the Subject Area "Reef ecosystems" applicable to this article? Yes However, the objectives stated for each project differed markedly between data sources; where 65% of peer reviewed articles stated scientific research as their main objective, compared to 18 and 8% for the grey literature and surveys respectively. Ten categories of coral restoration are represented in the database, with the majority of these involving coral fragmentation or transplantation of coral fragments (68%). Corals were raised in either field-based (in situ), or land-based (ex situ) nurseries, depending on local conditions. Planktonic development of embryos and larvae may result in a high proportion of coral larvae being swept away from reefs and therefore failing to settle or recruit [16,17,87]. Practitioners advocating the use of a coral nursery phase for reef restoration highlight improved growth and survivorship rates of fragments, compared to direct transplantation. The accompanying interactive database (accessed here) provides an evidence-based resource for researchers, managers and practitioners to draw from and build on. Investigation, Project administration, Much of the focus on A. cervicornis and A. palmata is likely to have resulted from these important reef-forming species being listed as threatened on the United States Endangered Species Act (71 FR 26852) and as Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Endangered Species (IUCN 2018). For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click For example, restoration projects in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary are obliged to conduct extensive ‘fate-tracking’ of individual outplanted fragments through time, such that there is limited scope to conduct more extensive ecological monitoring. While some projects do report high survival (e.g. Direct transplantation has primarily involved fast-growing corals, with more than three-quarters of case studies using branching coral morphologies. Objectives for coral restoration usually have a broad ecological scope that aligns with principles of reef resilience [51]. location, duration, spatial scale, objectives, etc. Many government reports undergo an informal peer-review; however, survey results and online descriptions may present a subjective account of restoration outcomes. A lack of natural recruitment and insufficient time for recovery between disturbance events conspire to make natural recovery unlikely, or impossible in many locations. Writing – review & editing. Data available from the Dryad Digital Repository downloaded here (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.p6r3816), and visually explored here. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. For example, Romatzki [107] found that A. pulchra and A. yongei coral fragments exposed to similar strength electrical currents as those described by previous researchers grew slower than control colonies. Writing – review & editing, Affiliation https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226631.g001. Overall, the two primary objectives reported by practitioners were ‘scientific research’ (44%) and ‘accelerate recovery post-disturbance’ (38%, online visualisation). Cocktail geeks call drinks like an Old Fashioned "spirit-forward," which essentially means "boozy." Appropriate metrics would also enable better assessments of the ecological and demographic processes occurring at restored areas [117,118], and thus inform adaptive management of restoration efforts in the longer term. Yes However, almost 100% of these corals died in a bleaching event approximately six months after the conclusion of the study. For example, of projects with an ecological objective in this review (n = 129), 45% did not measure any relevant metrics to evaluate project success relating to that objective (e.g. enforcement of control against dynamite fishing or water quality improvement). However, while the growing problem of microplastics in the marine environment has been demonstrated to be detrimental to corals [142,143] it pales in comparison to the primary threat of climate change. This is implicit in the median monitoring period of 12 months which is far less than the length of time required for corals to reach reproductive maturity. In the past decade, Mars Incorporated has developed a modular approach to restoring corals that is particularly suitable for deployment on unstable substrate. The a) temporal and b) spatial scale of coral restoration projects included in the review. While few projects have reported on ecological success, there is substantial evidence of our abilities to grow corals at smaller scales. University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia, Roles The first method uses harvested gametes with embryos reared ex-situ, which are subsequently settled onto a range of artificial structures developed to improve post-settlement survival rates [88,89]. However, recent research has shown that optimal conservation outcomes should include both habitat protection and restoration [25]. While dynamic systems like coral reefs have an innate capacity for natural recovery [11,12], the frequency, intensity and severity of mass coral bleaching and extreme weather events is increasing [13,14], diminishing the time and capacity for recovery between catastrophic events [15]. Writing – original draft, Reefs are subject to a suite of chronic and acute anthropogenic disturbances including declining water quality, destructive fishing practices, over-harvesting of reef species, and outbreaks of coral predators and coral disease, however in the past two decades climate change has emerged as the primary threat to coral reefs [2,6–8]. The direct physical restoration of damaged substratum mostly involves stabilising rubble in an area that has been affected by storms or ship groundings. The survey consisted of 25 questions querying restoration practitioners regarding projects they had undertaken (S1 File) under JCU human ethics H7218 (following the Australian National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research, 2007). While scale can be achieved through broad uptake by key stakeholders, these projects are likely to harness existing technologies to increase coral cover at select high value sites. If the goals of restoration are to include resilience to existing or future stresses, the consideration of genetic diversity is crucial [82]. While most corals will experience a major bleaching event, destructive storm or disease outbreak in their lifetime, it is entirely feasible for at least 12-months to pass without these stressors. does not fit this view of ecological restoration it has driven the development of one important technique used in coral reef restoration and is included in this review. The nursery phase protects corals from damaging conditions during their most vulnerable stages, with the intention of planting them onto damaged reefs once they have reached a size threshold at which their post-transplantation survival is higher [78]. Liliane, Liliana Deutsche und italienische Formen von Lilian. First, published survival data are potentially biased towards studies reporting higher survival. Our objectives are to provide a systematic review of the current methods of coral restoration, highlight common problems and potential areas of concern and identify knowledge gaps. Funding acquisition, The aim of the technique is to mimic the chemical and physical properties of reef limestone, by encouraging the precipitation of calcium and magnesium on artificial substrata [98]. Note: The y-axis for genera and species is substantially truncated for visual purposes. Socio-cultural and economic outcomes should also be assessed as part of coral restoration objectives, such as whether or not coral restoration can promote alternative livelihoods [32,119], or promote local conservation stewardship [120,121]. It also excludes many artificial reefs, in particular if the aim was fisheries enhancement (i.e. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America, Roles Writing – review & editing, Affiliation Experiments designed to test the efficacy of transplanting corals are rare (as they are for many other methods), which hinders our ability to explore this further. All of these materials can accumulate on reefs, potentially with unforeseen longer term consequences. Mitigating these will be crucial to successfully scale up projects, and to retain public trust in restoration as a tool for resilience based management. student projects and one year funding cycles), and the pressure to publish results quickly. However, one of the biggest drivers of coral reef decline is climate change. To the best of our abilities, we avoided duplication of case studies across the four separate sources, so that each case in our review and database represents a separate project. Reichen Sie Ihre lustigen Spitznamen und coolen Gamertags ein und kopieren Sie das Beste aus der Liste. Investigation, the Acropora sp.) Restoration projects occurred in 56 countries (Fig 1), with the majority of projects conducted in the USA (Florida, Hawaii), Philippines, Indonesia and Thailand (together representing 40% of projects). Writing – review & editing, Affiliations While the lack of standardisation is problematic, it is an understandable consequence of numerous groups and practitioners operating in isolation, with little communication and with widely different objectives. Kir Royal (Aus dem Leben eines Klatschreporters) ist eine sechsteilige Fernsehserie von Helmut Dietl aus dem Jahr 1986. Similarly, most projects are relatively small in spatial scale, with a median size of restored area of 100 m2. Due to the unverified nature of such accounts, we have limited the data collected from these online-only records compared to peer reviewed literature and surveys. Writing – original draft, In this review, we have excluded passive restoration methods such as predator removal (e.g. Englische Weiterbildung von Lili bzw. The average survival rate of restored corals was 66% (± SEM 2.2%). Due to the high heterogeneity of information available from such a diverse range of sources, we were precluded from performing quantitative statistical meta-analyses. Most studies use a simple binary scoring system (i.e. substrate stabilisation, or algal removal), for the purposes of restoring the reef ecosystem. Refer to the published literature and use methods established in the broader field of coral ecology, rather than inventing new metrics that will isolate data within the relatively small realm of coral restoration literature, 3) avoid complex equations (i.e. The ideal monitoring program would be comprehensive and holistic, including ecological, social and economic metrics. Further, a substantial number of projects (~60%) use plastics to attach coral fragments to the substrate, primarily in the form of epoxy putty or cable ties. Coral restoration has shared some of the common ‘growing pains’ associated with ecological restoration more broadly. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Restoration projects ideally require no attendance once they are mature. predator removal, disease control, etc.) To counteract this, we aimed to synthesise the available knowledge in a comprehensive global review of coral restoration methods. Approximately 10% of settled larvae survived, and 56% of seeding units harboured at least one F. fragum individual one year after deployment. Similarly, most projects were spatially small, with a median size of restored areas of 100 m2 (Fig 2). Formal analysis, Data curation, In many cases, artificial reefs are deployed in conjunction with other methods, such as coral transplantation [57, 94,95]. Methodology, Often it may be appropriate to monitor projects in multiple phases; for example, short-term monitoring of biological metrics to evaluate method efficacy combined with long-term monitoring of ecological outcomes. Erfahre den diesem Guide wie du einen coolen und kreativen Gamer Namen erschaffst! Sänger und Mitgründer von Yello, Red.). Du möchtest Dich über Deinen eigenen Namen informieren oder erwartest eine Tochter und suchst noch einen geeigneten Vornamen? Finally, an intervention is the action “undertaken to achieve restoration, such as substratum amendment, exotics control, habitat conditioning, reintroductions” [54]. Writing – review & editing, Affiliation >75%; [79]) this is not echoed in our dataset, where coral gardening studies exhibited an average 66% survival in the outplanting phase, compared to 64% survival in direct transplantation studies which lacked an intermediate nursery phase. Overall, direct transplantation studies reported an average survival of 64%, with 20% reporting >90% survival of transplanted corals (interactive database). Of the techniques described in this review, few have demonstrated potential to be scaled up beyond a hectare of restored coral reef. However, artificial reef projects that transplanted corals, and monitored survival, reported an average of 66% survival. The proportional contribution of coral restoration to the overall carbon footprint of concrete is of course negligible, however there is considerable irony in using a technique for restoration that directly contributes to climate change. Bedeutung: „die Nächtliche“. Did you know that a tequini is a martini made with tequila instead of dry gin. A large proportion of survey respondents did not report species or genera (but opted for ‘mixed’). The authors concluded that the main advantage of this method over others is the speed of outplanting compared to methods which attach coral fragments individually. Further, a recent review of marine coastal habitat restoration in Australia highlighted that restoration in many marine ecosystems often report average survival of less than half of outplanted individuals. However, percentages reflect the proportion of case studies in each category. Most methods described in this review have documented successful coral growth, and relatively high levels of survival. We further encourage researchers to publish ‘failed’ experiments and projects to benefit the rapidly developing field of coral restoration (the journal Restoration Ecology currently contains a single reference for coral restoration in their Setbacks and Surprises section; [139]). First, we searched the scientific literature using Google Scholar with the keywords “coral* + restoration”. Weiterlesen Wenn du mehr über den Vornamen Lisa erfahren möchtest, kannst du die entsprechenden Tabulator-Laschen anklicken. blogs and online videos describing projects), and 4) an online survey targeting restoration practitioners (doi:10.5061/dryad.p6r3816). Roles The future of coral reef restoration is likely to diverge towards two different scales; 1) small-scale site stewardship projects and 2) large-scale reef wide interventions. The numbers reported here are therefore from the total number of case studies that reported on species or genera, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226631.g003. While the average survival of some genera exceeded 90%, these estimates were based on no more than three case studies, suggesting that seemingly highly suitable genera are still poorly supported by available information, and further replicated studies (particularly of the well-performing genera) are needed. Drink it in seconds. Marine Ecology Department, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry (FB2), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany, Roles Coral restoration methods and projects could be a component of resilience based management [66,144], along with water quality and fisheries management. The most scalable methods (i.e. In addition, once fragments have reached a suitable size they can be broken into smaller pieces, and these can be grown in the nursey, multiplying the number of fragments available to outplant. A restored ecosystem “contains sufficient biotic and abiotic resources to continue its development without further assistance or subsidy”. The latter category is critical on an ecosystem scale and requires substantial spatial scaling up of projects, if restoration is to meet future challenges to coral reefs. Alles über den in zahlreichen Sprachen bekannten Namen Lisa auf einen Blick in unserem großen Vornamen-Lexikon. Methodology, Coral reef ecosystems have suffered an unprecedented loss of habitat-forming hard corals in the past few decades [1–5]. Practitioners should seek out local best practice guidelines wherever possible. peer-reviewed) coral reef restoration research is focused on improving the restoration approach and answering questions of ecological concern (which corresponds to our category of ‘scientific research’). Dabei handelt es sich um eine Persiflage auf die Münchner Abendzeitung, ihren Klatschreporter Michael Graeter und die Herausgeberin Anneliese Friedmann.Die Serie über den Boulevard-Reporter Baby Schimmerlos spielt in der Münchner Schickeria der 1980er Jahre. Hier finden Sie eine Auswahl mit 21 weiblichen Hundenamen, die eher selten sind. This was emphasised during the recent 2016–17 global marine heat wave, which led to the most extensive coral bleaching event in history, including remote and pristine reefs [9,10]. You are looking for names in songs, song with male or femal names in it, names in the lyrics or title of a song ... then this list … Currently for coral reefs, the term restoration is used to encompass both ‘restoration’ and ‘rehabilitation’; with the latter emphasising “the reparation of ecosystem processes, productivity and services…” without meaning a return to pre-existing biotic conditions, and often requiring some attendance.

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