the lyrics of “Die Lorelei”) in an effort to dismiss and hide Jewish contribution to German art and culture. Heine was deliberately attacking Madame de Staël's book De l'Allemagne (1813) which he viewed as reactionary, Romantic and obscurantist. Heinrich was the eldest of four children. Find my haven and my shrine? Die Nacht war kalt und stumm. [14] This period in Heine's life is not clear but it seems that his father's business deteriorated, making Samson Heine effectively the ward of his brother Salomon. Werd ich wo in einer Wüste [citation needed]. He would not leave what he called his "mattress-grave" (Matratzengruft) until his death eight years later. He also experienced difficulties with his eyes. James Snodgrass, 1959. [48][49], In October 1843, Heine's distant relative and German revolutionary, Karl Marx, and his wife Jenny von Westphalen arrived in Paris after the Prussian government had suppressed Marx's radical newspaper. [63] In 1848 Heine also returned to religious faith. It was the last Heine ever fought – he received a flesh wound in the hip. Nightly I see you in dreams – you speak, Wilhelm Killmayer set 37 of his poems in his song book Heine-Lieder, subtitled Ein Liederbuch nach Gedichten von Heinrich Heine, in 1994. Though he would later mock Schlegel, Heine found in him a sympathetic critic for his early verses. The couple had no children. Within the pantheon of the "Jewish cultural intelligentsia" chosen for anti-Semitic demonization, perhaps nobody was the recipient of more National Socialist vitriol than Heinrich Heine. It contains the ironic disillusionment typical of Heine: Allnächtlich im Traume seh ich dich, Heine responded by dusting off and publishing his unfinished novel about the persecution of Jews in the Middle Ages, Der Rabbi von Bacherach.[47]. That same month, he wrote to Liszt suggesting that he might like to look at a newspaper review he had written of Liszt's performance before his concert; he indicated that it contained comments Liszt would not like. Since Börne did not attack religion or traditional morality like Heine, the German authorities hounded him less although they still banned his books as soon as they appeared. [51][52] Heine always had mixed feelings about communism. Ha-‘Ir (העיר – The City, a left-leaning Tel Aviv magazine) sarcastically suggested that "The Exiling of Heine Street" symbolically re-enacted the course of Heine's own life. [20] During his time in Berlin Heine also joined the Verein für Cultur und Wissenschaft der Juden, a society which attempted to achieve a balance between the Jewish faith and modernity. (German: Wo?) Heine was unimpressed by the English: he found them commercial and prosaic, and still blamed them for the defeat of Napoleon.[33]. His publisher was able to find some ways of getting around the censors and he was still free, of course, to publish in France.[44][45]. He also had an Enlightenment view of the past, seeing it as mired in superstition and atrocities. Even his enemies admitted that Börne was a man of integrity so Heine's ad hominem attacks on him were viewed as being in poor taste. Though he would later mock Schlegel, Heine found in him a sympathetic critic for his early verses. [79], Morton Feldman's I Met Heine on the Rue Fürstemberg was inspired by a vision he had of the dead Heine as he walked through Heine's old neighborhood in Paris: "One early morning in Paris I was walking along the small street on the Left Bank where Delacroix's studio is, just as it was more than a century ago. A list of Heine's major publications in German. Today the city honours its poet with a boulevard (Heinrich-Heine-Allee) and a modern monument. Heine shared liberal enthusiasm for the revolution, which he felt had the potential to overturn the conservative political order in Europe. German poet, journalist, essayist, and literary critic, This article is about the German writer and poet. In 1816 Heine moved to Hamburg to become an apprentice at Heckscher & Co, his uncle's bank, but displayed little aptitude for business. When he was 18 Heine almost certainly had an unrequited love for his cousin Amalie, Salomon's daughter. He had little interest in French literature and wrote everything in German, subsequently translating it into French with the help of a collaborator. There grows a blue flower, Through the intervention of German American activists, the memorial was ultimately transplanted into the Bronx, New York City (in Philadelphia already in 1855 was printed the complete edition of Heine's works in German language). It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. In February 1837, Börne died. In 2006 Philips/Universal launched a republication on CD. Heine thought that such an image suited the oppressive German authorities. Heine left Germany for France in 1831, settling in Paris for the remainder of his life. In 1964, Gert Westphal and the Attila-Zoller Quartet released the vinyl "Heinrich Heine Lyrik und Jazz". Und als Totenlampen schweben Kristian İohan Henrix Heyne (alm. His move was prompted by the July Revolution of 1830 that had made Louis-Philippe the "Citizen King" of the French. Heine's play William Ratcliff was used for the libretti of operas by César Cui (William Ratcliff) and Pietro Mascagni (Guglielmo Ratcliff). Nothing had changed in the street. He also wrote two tragedies, Almansor and William Ratcliff, but they had little success in the theatre. For the German train route, see. In 1824 Heine began a historical novel, Der Rabbi von Bacherach, which he never managed to finish. Due to such debates, the city of Tel Aviv delayed naming a street for Heine, and the street finally chosen to bear his name is located in a rather desolate industrial zone rather than in the vicinity of Tel Aviv University, suggested by some public figures as the appropriate location. The most popular of Heine's political poems was his least typical, Die schlesischen Weber ("The Silesian Weavers"), based on the uprising of weavers in Peterswaldau in 1844. He returned to Göttingen where he was again bored by the law. [34] After a few months he took a trip to northern Italy, visiting Lucca, Florence and Venice, but was forced to return when he received news that his father had died. Heine's play William Ratcliff was used for the libretti of operas by César Cui (William Ratcliff) and Pietro Mascagni (Guglielmo Ratcliff). And I saw Heine up at the corner, walking toward me. (Poetic translation by Hal Draper). She was illiterate, knew no German, and had no interest in cultural or intellectual matters. Bundesgesundheitsbl – Gesundheitsforsch – Gesundheitsschutz 2005, 48 (2):246–250 (in German), Richard S. Levy, Heine Monument Controversy, in, Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland, revolutions which broke out in France and Germany, "Heroes – Trailblazers of the Jewish People", https://archive.org/stream/TheMythOfTheTwentiethCentury_400/MythOfThe20thCentury_djvu.txt, Buffalo News. Salomon left Heine and his brothers 8,000 francs each in his will. He is best known outside of Germany for his early lyric poetry, which was set to music in the form of Lieder (art songs) by composers such as Robert Schumann and Franz Schubert. Zu deinen süßen Füßen. Heine looked down on these writers on aesthetic grounds – they were bad poets in his opinion – but his verse of the 1840s became more political too. Suicide’s flower. One event which really galvanised him was the 1840 Damascus Affair in which Jews in Damascus had been subject to blood libel and accused of murdering an old Catholic monk. [16], Heine was more interested in studying history and literature than law. The first volume of travel writings was such a success that Campe pressed Heine for another. [34] After a few months he took a trip to northern Italy, visiting Lucca, Florence and Venice, but was forced to return when he received news that his father had died. Nevertheless, he made a point of stressing his love for his Fatherland: Plant the black, red, gold banner at the summit of the German idea, make it the standard of free mankind, and I will shed my dear heart's blood for it. One way around censorship was to publish dissident works in large print to increase the number of pages beyond 320. Am Kreuzweg stand ich und seufzte; And shake your golden curls; [13] The most successful member of the Heine family was his uncle Salomon Heine, a millionaire banker in Hamburg. This put a stop to Heine's annual subsidy of 4,800 francs. Heine left Germany for France in 1831, settling in Paris for the remainder of his life. Do not smile at the visionary who anticipates the same revolution in the realm of the visible as has taken place in the spiritual. Yet, it will come and when you hear a crashing such as never before has been heard in the world's history, then you know that the German thunderbolt has fallen at last. [55] Atta Troll (actually begun in 1841 after a trip to the Pyrenees) mocks the literary failings Heine saw in the radical poets, particularly Freiligrath. It will one day be said that Heine and I have been by far the first artists of the German language. ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  —— It was the biggest, most cosmopolitan city he had ever visited (its population was about 200,000). The highest conception of the lyric poet was given to me by Heinrich Heine. [13] The most successful member of the Heine family was his uncle Salomon Heine, a millionaire banker in Hamburg. The night was cold and mute. He returned to Göttingen where he was again bored by the law. Bundesgesundheitsbl – Gesundheitsforsch – Gesundheitsschutz 2005, 48 (2):246–250 (in German), Richard S. Levy, Heine Monument Controversy, in, Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland, revolutions which broke out in France and Germany, "Heroes – Trailblazers of the Jewish People", https://archive.org/stream/TheMythOfTheTwentiethCentury_400/MythOfThe20thCentury_djvu.txt, Buffalo News. Du siehst mich an wehmütiglich, Und seufzte lang und bang. Du siehst mich an wehmütiglich, Heine was incapable of doing this so he never had enough money to cover his expenses. (translation in verse by L.U. In any event, Heine's conversion, which was reluctant, never brought him any benefits in his career. Hier vorne geht sie unter Most important was the philosopher Hegel, whose influence on Heine is hard to gauge. [38][39], Heine soon became a celebrity in France. I had this intense feeling for him, you know, the Jewish exile. Atta Troll's cubs embody the nationalistic views Heine loathed. Sturm und Drang Over a Memorial to Heinrich Heine. ——  ——  ——  ——  ——, Heine went to England to avoid what he predicted would be controversy over the publication of this work. It is of significance that Heine makes use of the A-A-B scheme, which is mainly used in the volkslied: Each stanza is written in two rhyming couplets (A-A) and a returning refrain (B). [11], Heine's parents were not particularly devout. [19] Heine also made valuable acquaintances in Berlin, notably the liberal Karl August Varnhagen and his Jewish wife Rahel, who held a leading salon. When the book was published in 1840 it was universally disliked by the radicals and served to alienate Heine from his public. When the revolution collapsed, Heine resumed his oppositional stance. Julius Campe and first literary successes, Julius Campe and first literary successes. [42], Heine had had few serious love affairs, but in late 1834 he made the acquaintance of a 19-year-old Paris shopgirl, Crescence Eugénie Mirat, whom he nicknamed "Mathilde". [48][49], In October 1843, Heine's distant relative and German revolutionary, Karl Marx, and his wife Jenny von Westphalen arrived in Paris after the Prussian government had suppressed Marx's radical newspaper. [4] Heine's father, Samson Heine (1764–1828), was a textile merchant. sighing long and anxiously. [23], On 28 June 1825 Heine converted to Protestantism. [53], In October–December 1843, Heine made a journey to Hamburg to see his aged mother and to patch things up with Campe with whom he had had a quarrel. Ich wache auf, und der Strauß ist fort, [24][25], Heine now had to search for a job. German poetry took a more directly political turn when the new Frederick William IV ascended the Prussian throne in 1840. In London he cashed a cheque from his uncle for £200 (equal to £17,442 today), much to Salomon's chagrin. You could also do it yourself at any point in time. Monuments and memorials to Heinrich Heine‎ (21 C, 40 F) P ... Signatures of Heinrich Heine‎ (4 F) T Things named after Heinrich Heine‎ (14 C, 1 F) Pages in category "Heinrich Heine" The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. Heine was incapable of doing this so he never had enough money to cover his expenses. As Heine said in self-justification, his conversion was "the ticket of admission into European culture". Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (German: [ˈhaɪ̯n.ʁɪç ˈhaɪ̯.nə] (); born Harry Heine; 13 December 1797 – 17 February 1856) was a German poet, writer and literary critic.He is best known outside Germany for his early lyric poetry, which was set to music in the form of lieder (art songs) by composers such as Robert Schumann and Franz Schubert. The teardrops like to pearls. That same month, he wrote to Liszt suggesting that he might like to look at a newspaper review he had written of Liszt's performance before his concert; he indicated that it contained comments Liszt would not like. Reisebilder II appeared in April 1827. In the isolation he felt after the Börne debacle, Marx's friendship came as a relief to Heine, since he did not really like the other radicals. Initially it was thought he might be a "popular monarch" and during this honeymoon period of his early reign (1840–42) censorship was relaxed. His review of the musical season of 1844, written in Paris on 25 April of that year, is his first reference to Lisztomania, the intense fan frenzy directed toward Franz Liszt during his performances. His uncle now decided to send him to the University of Berlin.[18]. The Prussian government had been gradually restoring discrimination against Jews. Before fighting, he decided to safeguard Mathilde's future in the event of his death by marrying her. Und kehrt von hinten zurück. Campe was a liberal who published as many dissident authors as he could. Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? There would also be female emancipation and an important role for artists and scientists. Heine's mode was satirical attack: against the Kings of Bavaria and Prussia (he never for one moment shared the belief that Frederick William IV might be more liberal); against the political torpor of the German people; and against the greed and cruelty of the ruling class. 1840 Librettist Heinrich Heine (1797-1856), François-Adolphe Loève-Veimars (1801-1854) (French translation) Language French Composer Time Period Comp. Heine regarded Börne, with his admiration for Robespierre, as a puritanical neo-Jacobin and remained aloof from him in Paris, which upset Börne, who began to criticise him (mostly semi-privately). Liszt was not the only musician to be blackmailed by Heine for the nonpayment of "appreciation money". It tells the story of the hunt for a runaway bear, Atta Troll, who symbolises many of the attitudes Heine despised, including a simple-minded egalitarianism and a religious view which makes God in the believer's image (Atta Troll conceives God as an enormous, heavenly polar bear). He published several poems, including Die schlesischen Weber, in Marx's new journal Vorwärts ("Forwards"). To further this aim he published De l'Allemagne ("On Germany") in French (begun 1833). [15], Salomon realised that his nephew had no talent for trade, and it was decided that Heine should enter law. Most important was the philosopher Hegel, whose influence on Heine is hard to gauge. Heine's review subsequently appeared on 25 April in Musikalische Berichte aus Paris and attributed Liszt's success to lavish expenditures on bouquets and to the wild behaviour of his hysterical female "fans". Am Kreuzweg stand ich und seufzte; Here he learned French, which would be his second language - although he always spoke it with a German accent. Campe was reluctant to publish uncensored books as he had bad experiences with print runs being confiscated. The aristocratic poet August von Platen had been annoyed by some epigrams by Immermann which Heine had included in the second volume of Reisebilder. You breathe in my ear a secret word, (It is also displayed in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and in the pavement in Frankfurt am Main). Es rührte sie so sehre It was part of Hanover, ruled by the King of England, the power Heine blamed for bringing Napoleon down. It includes Heine's poem Where? The French government, aiming at imperialism in the Middle East and not wanting to offend the Catholic party, had failed to condemn the outrage. [58], In 1844, Heine wrote series of musical feuilletons over several different music seasons discussing the music of the day. German thunder is of true Germanic character; it is not very nimble, but rumbles along ponderously. Well, what matter! This led to the emergence of popular political poets (so-called Tendenzdichter), including Hoffmann von Fallersleben (author of Deutschlandlied, the German anthem), Ferdinand Freiligrath and Georg Herwegh. Heine became increasingly critical of despotism and reactionary chauvinism in Germany, of nobility and clerics but also of the narrow-mindedness of ordinary people and of the rising German form of nationalism, especially in contrast to the French and the revolution. It was the last time Heine would ever leave France. Buried by a stranger's hand? Mein Fräulein! Christian Johann Heinrich Heine ‎, transkripsiya: Kristian Yohan Haynrih Hayne; 13 dekabr 1797 (), Düsseldorf, Müqəddəs Roma İmperiyası – 17 fevral 1856 (), Paris, İkinci Fransa İmperiyası) — XIX əsr alman şairi və jurnalisti. Unter Palmen in dem Süden? Other events conspired to make Heine loathe this period of his life: he was expelled from a student fraternity for anti-Semitic reasons and he heard the news that his cousin Amalie had become engaged. Suicide’s flower. Another memorial, a sculpted fountain, was commissioned for Düsseldorf. Under palms will I be buried? They include Robert Schumann (especially his Lieder cycle Dichterliebe), Friedrich Silcher (who wrote a popular setting of "Die Lorelei", one of Heine's best known poems), Franz Schubert, Franz Liszt, Felix Mendelssohn, Fanny Mendelssohn, Johannes Brahms, Hugo Wolf, Richard Strauss, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Edward MacDowell, Clara Schumann and Richard Wagner; and in the 20th century Nikolai Medtner, Hans Werner Henze, Carl Orff, Lord Berners, Paul Lincke, Yehezkel Braun, Marcel Tyberg[78] and Friedrich Baumfelder (who wrote another setting of "Die Lorelei", as well as "Die blauen Frühlingsaugen" and "Wir wuchsen in demselben Thal" in his Zwei Lieder). Their stormy relationship has been compared to a marriage. 1839-40 First Pub lication. Many composers have set Heine's works to music. Heine reluctantly began a relationship with her. Und schüttelst das blonde Köpfchen; Marx was an admirer of Heine and his early writings show Heine's influence. [62] His illness meant he paid less attention than he might otherwise have done to the revolutions which broke out in France and Germany in 1848. They were liberal, but not actively political. Through the intervention of German American activists, the memorial was ultimately transplanted into the Bronx, New York City (in Philadelphia already in 1855 was printed the complete edition of Heine's works in German language). He learned to hate Hamburg, with its commercial ethos, but it would become one of the poles of his life alongside Paris. In my chest there are two voices in their favour which cannot be silenced .... because the first one is that of logic ... and as I cannot object to the premise "that all people have the right to eat", I must defer to all the conclusions....The second of the two compelling voices, of which I am talking, is even more powerful than the first, because it is the voice of hatred, the hatred I dedicate to this common enemy that constitutes the most distinctive contrast to communism and that will oppose the angry giant already at the first instance – I am talking about the party of the so-called advocates of nationality in Germany, about those false patriots whose love for the fatherland only exists in the shape of imbecile distaste of foreign countries and neighbouring peoples and who daily pour their bile especially on France". On the other hand, the Austrian consul in Damascus had assiduously exposed the blood libel as a fraud. Heine regarded Börne, with his admiration for Robespierre, as a puritanical neo-Jacobin and remained aloof from him in Paris, which upset Börne, who began to criticise him (mostly semi-privately). [53], In October–December 1843, Heine made a journey to Hamburg to see his aged mother and to patch things up with Campe with whom he had had a quarrel. He had little interest in French literature and wrote everything in German, subsequently translating it into French with the help of a collaborator. The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. It contains the second cycle of North Sea poems, a prose essay on the North Sea as well as a new work, Ideen: Das Buch Le Grand, which contains the following satire on German censorship:[31][32], The German Censors  ——  ——  ——  ——  —— He had developed various techniques for evading the authorities. Initially, any book which had passed the censor in a German state was able to be sold in any of the other states, but in 1834 this loophole was closed. Gotteshimmel, dort wie hier, There would also be female emancipation and an important role for artists and scientists. He is best known outside Germany for his early lyric poetry, which was set to music in the form of lieder (art songs) by composers such as Robert Schumann and Franz Schubert. [81] This became the inspiration for Tony Harrison's 1992 film-poem, The Gaze of the Gorgon.[82]. Immerhin! Liszt was not the only musician to be blackmailed by Heine for the nonpayment of "appreciation money". The adult Heine would always be devoted to the French for introducing the Napoleonic Code and trial by jury. It was first ruled by Joachim Murat, then by Napoleon himself. [17], After a year at Bonn, Heine left to continue his law studies at the University of Göttingen. Nevertheless, he remained sceptical of organised religion.[64]. He was only really suited to writing but it was extremely difficult to be a professional writer in Germany. Should that subduing talisman, the cross, be shattered, the frenzied madness of the ancient warriors, that insane Berserk rage of which Nordic bards have spoken and sung so often, will once more burst into flame. ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  ——  —— Here he began to write the poems of the cycle Die Heimkehr ("The Homecoming"). At your sweet feet, my dearest. This banner text can have markup.. web; books; video; audio; software; images; Toggle navigation Atta Troll's cubs embody the nationalistic views Heine loathed. This talisman is fragile, and the day will come when it will collapse miserably. Mein Fräulein! By the setting sun He was only really suited to writing but it was extremely difficult to be a professional writer in Germany. In the play it is the Muslim Hassan, who is saying these words, when he heard that the Christian conquerors had burned the scriptures of the Quran at the marketplace of Granada. Heine was born on 13 December 1797, in Düsseldorf,[2] in what was then the Duchy of Berg, into a Jewish family. I had this intense feeling for him, you know, the Jewish exile. Shall I lie in desert reaches, He was sceptical about the Frankfurt Assembly and continued to attack the King of Prussia. The opponents of the conservatives, the liberals, wanted to replace absolutism with representative, constitutional government, equality before the law and a free press. To commemorate the terrible event, one of the most famous lines of Heine's 1821 play Almansor was engraved in the ground at the site: "Das war ein Vorspiel nur, dort wo man Bücher verbrennt, verbrennt man auch am Ende Menschen." Campe was reluctant to publish uncensored books as he had bad experiences with print runs being confiscated. Heine's mode was satirical attack: against the Kings of Bavaria and Prussia (he never for one moment shared the belief that Frederick William IV might be more liberal); against the political torpor of the German people; and against the greed and cruelty of the ruling class. Heine, however, continued to comment on German politics and society from a distance. [50] Thereafter Heine and Marx maintained a sporadic correspondence, but in time their admiration for one another faded. If the two countries understood one another there would be progress. Heine resisted all censorship; this issue became a bone of contention between the two.[27]. Eines Meeres in dem Sand? Heine began to acquire a reputation as a poet at Bonn. His mother Peira (known as "Betty"), née van Geldern (1771–1859), was the daughter of a physician. Wo wird einst des Wandermüden ISBN 3-518-03048-5; Religion and Philosophy in Germany, a fragment, Tr. This led to a wave of anti-Semitic persecution. Wer selber brachte sich um; Since then, a street in the Yemin Moshe neighborhood of Jerusalem[86] and, in Haifa, a street with a beautiful square and a community center have been named after Heine. Before fighting, he decided to safeguard Mathilde's future in the event of his death by marrying her. [51][52] Heine always had mixed feelings about communism. His quote about burning books is prominently displayed in the Yad Vashem Holocaust museum in Jerusalem. [60] It had been suggested that he suffered from multiple sclerosis or syphilis, although in 1997 it was confirmed through an analysis of the poet's hair that he had suffered from chronic lead poisoning. [74] Editors for the Völkischer Beobachter referred to Heine's writing as degenerate on multiple occasions as did Alfred Rosenberg. So, in 1819, Heine went to the University of Bonn (then in Prussia). In fact, he had never claimed to be an atheist. By the light of the moon moved slowly God has given Nevertheless, she moved in with Heine in 1836 and lived with him for the rest of his life (they were married in 1841). (German: Wo?) [35] Die Bäder von Lucca embroiled Heine in controversy. [42], Heine had had few serious love affairs, but in late 1834 he made the acquaintance of a 19-year-old Paris shopgirl, Crescence Eugénie Mirat, whom he nicknamed "Mathilde". Heine resisted all censorship; this issue became a bone of contention between the two.[27]. Covered by the friendly sand? [28] For example, the poem "Allnächtlich im Traume" was set to music by Robert Schumann and Felix Mendelssohn. He who killed himself; [14] This period in Heine's life is not clear but it seems that his father's business deteriorated, making Samson Heine effectively the ward of his brother Salomon. The teardrops like to pearls. der Sonnenuntergang. [1] He spent the last 25 years of his life as an expatriate in Paris. He counter-attacked by writing a play, Der romantische Ödipus, which included anti-Semitic jibes about Heine. In December Heine met the Marxes and got on well with them. The university gave Heine access to notable cultural figures as lecturers: the Sanskritist Franz Bopp and the Homer critic F. A. Wolf, who inspired Heine's lifelong love of Aristophanes. He was also a republican, while Heine was not. At your sweet feet, my dearest. Heine did not find work on the newspaper congenial, and instead tried to obtain a professorship at Munich University, with no success. I wake; it is gone; the dream is blurred, It contains the second cycle of North Sea poems, a prose essay on the North Sea as well as a new work, Ideen: Das Buch Le Grand, which contains the following satire on German censorship:[31][32], The German Censors  ——  ——  ——  ——  —— This Italian journey resulted in a series of new works: Die Reise von München nach Genua (Journey from Munich to Genoa), Die Bäder von Lucca (The Baths of Lucca) and Die Stadt Lucca (The Town of Lucca). Du sagst mir heimlich ein leises Wort, Suicide’s flower. I saw him. Paris offered him a cultural richness unavailable in the smaller cities of Germany. The conservatives, who were in power, wanted to restore things to the way they were before the French Revolution. And stealing from your eyes there flow [37] Heine was also attracted by the prospect of freedom from German censorship and was interested in the new French utopian political doctrine of Saint-Simonianism. German thunder is of true Germanic character; it is not very nimble, but rumbles along ponderously. Initially it was thought he might be a "popular monarch" and during this honeymoon period of his early reign (1840–42) censorship was relaxed.

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